China 'Analytics'

Language

Official Language:
1. Standard Chinese : 1,297,853,000
2. Mongolian : 2,821,000

Mother Tongue : Standard Chinese

Literacy Rate (%) : 96.8

Country Capital	:	Beijing
GDP Per Capita	:	13,687
GDP Per Capita Rank	:	68^th/195
Life Expectancy	:	78
Unemployment Rate	:	5
Number of Internet Users	:	1,100,920,230
Internet Users Rank	:	1^st/195
Area	:	9,599,972
Area Rank	:	2^nd/195
Total Population	:	1,416,096
Total Population Rank	:	2^nd/195

Continent: Asia

Cities with > 100K popln: 168

What is A.I.? FAQ

China Highlights

China is the 2^nd ranked country in population and 2^nd ranked in area out of 195 countries in the world. Please keep the country rank in perspective, for the highlights below.

Better than World Average-

1. 1^stChina is the highest ranked in Internet Users out of 195 countries in the world.
2. 1^stThe average GDP Per Capita (USD) of 195 countries in the world is 6,447. China is the highest ranked country out of 195 countries. This implies that this country is a developed country.
3. 1^stOut of the 195 countries in the world, China is the highest ranked in Enrolment in tertiary edu.(all programmes) . This may take into context a higher country population, or imply that more people in this country pursue higher education when compared to other countries.

Worse than World Average-

1. China is the 116^th worst ranked in Pharmacists (Per 10,000) out of 195 countries in the world. This may indicate worse healthcare infrastructure investment by the country or may indicate lower population.
2. The average Uranium prod. of the countries in the world is 2,516. China is the 188^th worst-ranked country out of 195 countries. This implies that the country does not have significant nuclear programmes or the country does not have huge reserves of Uranium.
3. Out of the 195 countries in the world, China is the 190^th worst ranked in Oil Prod. . This indicates that natural resources are scarce in this country when compared to other countries, and it may be a huge importer of such resources.

China Metrics

Culture

Nature

Internet

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Mongolian	# People	28,610	1	1125
2	Standard Chinese	# People	6,821,357	1	1125
3	Mongolian as a % of total Mongolian speakers	% People	0	1	1128
4	Standard Chinese as a % of total Standard Chinese speakers	% People	0	1	1126
5	Burmese	# People	179,944	2	1126
6	Kyrgy	# People	24,582	2	1126
7	Burmese as a % of total Burmese speakers	% People	0	2	1128
8	Kyrgy as a % of total Kyrgy speakers	% People	0	2	1125
9	Korean	# People	407,376	3	1127
10	Korean as a % of total Korean speakers	% People	0	3	1126
Below World Average
1	Uzbek	# People	119,785	10	1235
2	Uzbek as a % of total Uzbek speakers	% People	0	10	1234

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Internet Users	# People	28,408,774	1	1130
2	Int. Users / Total Pop.%	% People	70	99	1130
Below World Average
1	LinkedIn Users as a % of Total Internet Users	% People	36	190	1233
2	FB Users / Total Pop. %.	% People	25	189	1235
3	FB Users / Total Int. Users %.	% People	31	189	1235
4	LinkedIn Users as a % of Total Population	% People	32	189	1231
5	Facebook Users as a % of Total facebook Users	% People	31	189	1231
6	Facebook users	# People	6,811,338	110	1231
7	LinkedIn users	# People	6,723,222	36	1230
8	LinkedIn Users as a % of Total LinkedIn Users	% People	0	36	1234

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	GDP Per Capita (USD)	$	6,447	1	1130
2	Export of Goods and Services (in Million $)	Amount	186,399	1	1127
3	Import Ban(Number of products)	Count	12	1	1127
4	Exports /Total Exports of the World %.		0	1	1129
5	GDP (Billions USD) 2025	$ Billions	597	2	1125
6	Import of Goods and Services (in Million $)	Amount	183,299	2	1130
7	GDP as a % of Total GDP	Percent	0	2	1129
8	Imports/Total Imports of the World %.		0	2	1130
9	FDI (millions USD)	Amount	3,115	5	1130
10	FDI / Total FDI of the World %.		0	5	1129
11	Corporate Tax Rates in %	Rate	23	74	1125
Below World Average
1	Exports/Total GDP of the Country %.		53	160	1231
2	Imports /Total GDP of the Country %.		46	136	1233
3	GDP Per Capita at PPP (USD)	$	30,228	114	1235
4	No. of Companies Listed in NYSE	Count	65	3	1230

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Enrolment in tertiary edu.(all programmes)	# People	4,618,191	1	1127
2	Teachers in primary edu.	# People	357,113	1	1130
3	Teachers in secondary edu.	# People	659,923	1	1130
4	Total Literate Pop.	# People	34,678,001	1	1127
5	# Total Teachers (Primary+Secondary+Tertiary)	# People	2,858,694	1	1129
6	Enrolment in primary edu.	# People	9,629,078	2	1126
7	Enrolment in secondary edu.	# People	9,727,510	2	1129
8	Teachers in tertiary edu.	# People	297,976	2	1126
9	# Total Students (Primary+Secondary+Tertiary)	# People	38,831,325	2	1126
10	Literacy Rate (%)	% People	86	84	1129
Below World Average
1	Enrolment in Secondary Edu./Total Literate Pop.	% People	28	171	1232
2	Enrolment in Secondary Edu./Total Pop %.	% People	23	156	1231
3	# Students per teacher in secondary edu.	Ratio	57	142	1231
4	Enrolment in Primary Edu./ Total Literate Pop %.	% People	36	134	1231
5	Enrolment in Primary Edu./Total Pop %.	% People	27	131	1231
6	Teachers as a % of Enrolment	% People	41	88	1230
7	Enrolment in Tertiary Edu/Total Literate Pop. %.	% People	9	64	1231
8	Enrolment in Tertiary Edu./ Total Pop. %.	% People	9	64	1234
9	# Students per teacher in Primary edu.	Ratio	260	60	1234

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Total Labour Force (2021)	# People	20,409,734	1	1125
2	Employment in Services	# People	10,251,634	1	1127
3	Unemployed Labour Force.	# People	1,511,199	1	1125
4	Formal Jobs	# People	10,605,934	1	1125
5	Non-Agricultural Labour Force	# People	15,067,127	1	1128
6	Employment in Agriculture	# People	5,314,003	2	1130
7	Total Labour Force/Total Pop.	% People	43	28	1130
8	Employment in Agriculture /Total Pop. %.	% People	9	55	1130
9	Non-Agri Labour force/Total Labour force %.	% People	76	99	1125
Below World Average
1	Employment in Services / Total Labour Force %.	% People	56	134	1234
2	Employment in services/Total Labour force %.	% People	56	134	1234
3	Wage & Salaried Workers / Total Labour Force %	% People	58	108	1233
4	Employment in Services /Total pop.%.	% People	25	84	1233
5	Employment in Agri. / Total Labour Force % .	% People	23	79	1235
6	Employment in Agriculture/Total Labour force %.	% People	23	79	1233
7	Unemployment Rate.	% People	7	67	1232

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Doctors (Per 10,000)	People Per 10,000	7	1	1130
2	#Dentists	# People	13,328	1	1128
3	Total No. of Doctors	# People	78,648	1	1128
4	Total Nursing	# People	163,061	2	1128
5	Total No. of Pharmacists	# People	19,528	2	1130
6	Nurses(per 10000)	People per 10000	164,032	2	1126
7	Dentist to doctor ratio	Ratio	3	9	1129
8	Life Expectancy at Birth, both sexes	Age	73	54	1125
Below World Average
1	Nurses to doctor ratio	Ratio	46	91	1235
2	Pharmacists (Per 10,000)	People Per 10,000	4	80	1230
3	Dentist (per 10,000)	People per 10000	31	78	1234

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Police Officers	# People	138,224	1	1129
2	Military Budget (in Billion $)	$ Billion	15	2	1128
3	Military Budget/Total World Military Budget %.	Percent	0	2	1128
4	Total Military Force	# People	358,465	6	1128
5	Military Force/Total World Military Force %.	% People	0	6	1130
6	Judges Per 100K	People Per 100K	11	23	1126
Below World Average
1	Military Force/Total Pop. %	% People	1	122	1235
2	Lawyers Per 100K	People Per 100K	160	39	1234

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Urban Population (2021)	# People	23,726,053	1	1128
2	# Cities>300000	# Cities	8	1	1130
3	# Cities>500000	# Cities	5	1	1127
4	# Cities>1M	# Cities	2	1	1125
5	# Cities>5M	# Cities	0	1	1125
6	# Cities>10M	# Cities	0	1	1128
7	Pop. with access to Electricity (%)	% People	86	1	1125
8	# Cities>300000	# Cities	7	1	1130
9	# Cities>500000	# Cities	4	1	1128
10	# Cities>1M	# Cities	1	1	1128
11	# Cities>5M	# Cities	0	1	1129
12	# Cities>10M	# Cities	0	1	1125
13	Rural Pop.	# People	18,013,759	2	1128
14	10M+ Cities Ratio ( 10M+ Cities/ # Cities> 100000)		0	4	1129
15	# Cities>100000	# Cities	23	6	1127
16	# Cities>100000	# Cities	21	6	1129
17	1M+ Cities Ratio ( 1M+ Cities/ # Cities> 100000)		0	7	1129
18	1M+ Cities per 100000 ( 1M+ Cities/ Tot Pop.)* 100000		0	20	1129
19	Urban Population / Total Population % .	% People	60	90	1126
Below World Average
1	Rural Pop. /Total Pop. %	% People	40	106	1231

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	# Mobile phone numbers	Count	40,393,496	1	1130
2	# Phone Numbers /Total Pop. %	Percent	101	106	1125

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Buddhist Population	# People	1,911,974	1	1127
2	Gold Medal	Count	3	1	1125
3	Buddhist Pop./Total Buddhist Pop. %	% People	0	1	1128
4	World Heritage Sites	Count	7	2	1130
5	Silver Medal	Count	3	2	1128
6	Total Medals	Count	12	2	1126
7	Bronze Medal	Count	4	3	1126
8	# Olympic Medals	Count	157	5	1129
9	Hindu Pop./Total Hindu Pop.%	% People	0	9	1130
10	Buddhist Pop./Total Pop.%.	% People	3	14	1125
11	Islamic Population	# People	9,936,734	17	1127
12	Islamic Pop./Total Islamic Pop.%	% People	0	17	1125
13	Christian Pop./Total Christian Pop.%	% People	0	20	1127
14	Christian Population	# People	11,885,917	21	1128
Below World Average
1	Christian Pop./Total Pop.%	% People	42	137	1233
2	Islamic Pop./Total Pop.%	% People	22	118	1233
3	Jewish Pop./Total Jewish Pop. %	% People	0	38	1235
4	Jewish Population	# People	78,295	39	1235
5	# Cannes Grand Prizes (Palme d'Or or Grand Prix)		4	16	1235
6	Share of Cannes Grand Prize Wins (% World)		3	16	1231
7	# Oscar Wins – Best International Feature Film		2	16	1235
8	Share of Best International Feature Film Wins (% World)		3	16	1235
9	Hindu Pop./Total Pop.%.	% People	2	23	1233
10	Hindu Population	# People	6,207,784	9	1235

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Rice prod.	Tons	5,090,580	1	1129
2	Wheat prod.	Tons	6,698,590	1	1128
3	Potatoes prod.	Tons	2,538,925	1	1130
4	Sweet Potatoes prod.	Tons	895,180	1	1125
5	Honey prod.	Tons	16,211	1	1127
6	Flourite prod.	Tons	231,501	1	1126
7	Bismuth prod.	Tons	2,019	1	1127
8	Mercury prod.	Tons	564	1	1128
9	Tin prod.	Tons	23,069	1	1130
10	Zinc prod.	Tons	1,007,000	1	1126
11	Tree density.	Density	9	1	1126
12	Tree density .	Density	8	1	1129
13	Gold Prod.	Weight	125	1	1126
14	Rice Produced/Total Rice Produced.%	Weight	0	1	1130
15	Wheat Produced /Total Wheat Produced. %.	Weight	0	1	1128
16	Potatoes Produced /Total Potatoes Produced %	Weight	0	1	1129
17	Sweet Potatoes Produced/Total Sweet Potatoes Produced %	Weight	0	1	1128
18	Honey Produced /Total Honey Produced %	Weight	0	1	1126
19	Flourite Produced/Total Flourite Produced %	Weight	4	1	1129
20	Bismuth Produced/Total Bismuth Produced %	Weight	14	1	1125
21	Mercury Produced/Total Mercury Produced %	Weight	14	1	1126
22	Tin Produced/Total Tin Produced in 2019	Weight	7	1	1125
23	Zinc Produced/Total Zinc Produced %.	Weight	9	1	1130
24	Gold Produced/Total Gold Produced %.		4	1	1125
25	Chicken Meat Production (in tonnes)	Weight	588,164	1	1128
26	Goat Meat Production (in tonnes)	Weight	46,111	1	1130
27	Cotton Production (in 1000 480 lb. Bales)	Weight	1,707	1	1126
28	Coal Production (in 1000 metric tons)	Weight	121,850	1	1129
29	Apple Production (in tonnes)	Weight	1,044,287	1	1127
30	Chicken Meat Production (% of Total Chicken Meat Production)	Percent	0	1	1128
31	Goat Meat Production (% of Total Goat Meat Production)	Percent	0	1	1125
32	Cotton Production (% of Total Cotton Production)	Percent	1	1	1125
33	Coal Production (% of Total Coal Production)	Percent	1	1	1127
34	Apple Production (% of Total Apple Production)	Percent	1	1	1128
35	Onion prod.	Tons	773,539	2	1129
36	Silver prod.	Tons	1,980	2	1125
37	Onion Produced/Total Onion Produced %	Weight	0	2	1128
38	Silver Produced/Total Silver Produced %	Weight	9	2	1125
39	Cow Milk Production (in tonnes)	Weight	3,855,383	2	1127
40	Cow Beef Production (in tonnes)	Weight	320,761	2	1128
41	Orange Production (in tonnes)	Weight	618,959	2	1125
42	Cow Milk Production (% of Total Cow Milk Production)	Percent	0	2	1126
43	Cow Beef Production (% of Total Cow Beef Production)	Percent	0	2	1129
44	Orange Production (% of Total Orange Production)	Percent	0	2	1129
45	Sugarcane prod.	Tons	52,039,862	3	1128
46	Bauxite prod.	Tons	29,969	3	1127
47	Copper prod.	Tons	1,350	3	1127
48	Lithium prod.	Tons	16,162	3	1128
49	Sugarcane Produced/Total Sugarcane Produced.%	Weight	2	3	1128
50	Bauxite Produced/Total Bauxite Produced %	Weight	7	3	1130
51	Copper Produced /Total Copper Produced %	Weight	9	3	1130
52	Lithium Produced/Total Lithium Produced %	Weight	12	3	1128
53	Iron Production (in 1000 metric tons)	Weight	33,258	3	1129
54	Iron Production (% of Total Iron Production)	Percent	2	3	1126
55	Soyabean prod.	Tons	3,684,006	4	1129
56	Natural Gas Prod.	Million cubic meters	216,389	4	1129
57	Soyabean Produced/Total Soyabean Produced %	Weight	1	4	1128
58	Natural Gas Produced/Total Natural Gas Produced %	Mass	5	4	1127
59	Number of Cows	Count	8,697,624	4	1127
60	Cows (% of Total Cows)	Percent	0	4	1125
61	Number of Trees	Count	15,642,617,148	5	1126
62	Forest Area.	Area	21,142,892	5	1127
63	Country forest area / Global Forest area %		0	5	1127
64	Barley prod.	Tons	1,576,534	17	1127
65	Barley Produced/Total Barley Produced.%	Weight	1	17	1126
66	Goat Milk Production (in tonnes)	Weight	196,989	22	1128
67	Goat Milk Production (% of Total Goat Milk Production)	Percent	0	22	1128
Below World Average
1	Uranium prod.	Tons	2,516	8	1234
2	Uranium Produced/Total Uranium Produced %	Weight	5	8	1231
3	Oil Prod.	Barrels/day	4,369,531	6	1231
4	Nickel prod.	Tons	376,142	6	1233
5	Oil Prodcuced/Total Oil Produced %		5	6	1232
6	Nickel Produced/Total Nickel Produced %	Weight	14	6	1230
7	Buffalo Milk Production (in tonnes)	Weight	7,516,792	3	1230

Sr.	Title	Metric	World Average	Rank out of 195	Value
Above World Average
1	Total Population (2025)	# People (In Thousands)	42,003	2	1129
2	Male Population (2025)	# People (In Thousands)	21,226	2	1129
3	Female Population (2025)	# People (In Thousands)	20,993	2	1128
4	Births	# People (In Thousands)	681	2	1128
5	Male % of Total Pop.	% People	50	25	1128
6	Total Deaths	# People (In Thousands)	319	1	1127
Below World Average
1	Gender Ratio	Ratio of female per male, Country total female/ Country total male	1	171	1231
2	Female % of Total Pop.	% People	50	171	1231
3	Population Growth Rate (%)	% People	0	162	1235
4	Density ( Pop/Land Area Ratio)	Density	265	62	1232

China Language Details

Sr.	Language	% of people speaking the language in country.
1	Standard Chinese	91.65 %
2	Mongolian	0.2 %
3	Korean	0.1 %
4	Burmese	0.07 %
5	Kyrgy	0.03 %

Sr.	City	Total City Population (2023)
1	Anshan	1,518,286
2	Anyang	916,116
3	Baoding	1,268,903
4	Baoji	879,597
5	Baotou	1,917,176
6	Beijing	16,851,761
7	Bengbu	800,908
8	Benxi	1,008,929
9	Bozhou	478,487
10	Changchun	3,441,313
11	Changde	855,789
12	Changsha	3,221,590
13	Changshu	937,302
14	Changzhi	855,688
15	Changzhou	2,277,328
16	Chaozhou	1,267,390
17	Chengdu	7,892,866
18	Chifeng	910,265
19	Chongqing	6,319,095
20	Cixi	1,069,256
21	Dalian	3,936,950
22	Dandong	782,649
23	Daqing	1,446,356
24	Datong	1,433,040
25	Dazhou	684,691
26	Dongguan	7,335,489
27	Dongying	780,328
28	Foshan	6,831,680
29	Fuling	600,454
30	Fuqing	474,956
31	Fushun	1,330,442
32	Fuxin	756,923
33	Fuyang	787,390
34	Fuzhou	3,129,787
35	Ganzhou	1,045,045
36	Guangzhou	10,735,339
37	Guilin	972,106
38	Guiyang	2,542,347
39	Harbin	4,636,875
40	Haikou	1,530,795
41	Haining	401,211
42	Handan	1,183,557
43	Hangzhou	5,901,138
44	Hechuan	728,172
45	Hefei	3,126,054
46	Hengyang	1,125,448
47	Hong Kong	7,478,440
48	Huai'an	1,537,151
49	Huaibei	862,245
50	Huainan	1,249,433
51	Huhehaote	1,510,316
52	Huizhou	1,823,860
53	Huludao	652,207
54	Huzhou	755,108
55	Jiangjin	692,258
56	Jiangmen	1,493,065
57	Jiangyin	1,022,649
58	Jiaxing	769,332
59	Jieyang	1,237,630
60	Jilin	1,482,674
61	Jinan	3,673,747
62	Jingzhou	912,182
63	Jinhua	716,873
64	Jining	947,289
65	Jinjiang	1,183,153
66	Jinzhou	954,452
67	Jixi	753,493
68	Kaifeng	901,993
69	Kunming	3,415,285
70	Kunshan	1,128,475
71	Lanzhou	2,460,127
72	Leshan	684,792
73	Lhasa	222,245
74	Lianyungang	905,322
75	Liaoyang	741,488
76	Linyi	1,535,940
77	Liuzhou	1,638,941
78	Lu'an	667,037
79	Luoyang	1,598,487
80	Luzhou	748,853
81	Ma'anshan	663,607
82	Macau	688,020
83	Maoming	1,042,321
84	Mianyang	1,072,686
85	Mudanjiang	797,579
86	Nan'an	724,843
87	Nanchang	2,637,479
88	Nanchong	898,260
89	Nanjing	5,879,347
90	Nanning	2,684,289
91	Nantong	1,626,634
92	Nanyang	907,844
93	Ningbo	2,605,903
94	Panjin	865,574
95	Pingdingshan	862,649
96	Puning	882,724
97	Putian	1,116,974
98	Qingdao	4,596,320
99	Qingyuan	924,288
100	Qinhuangdao	976,444
101	Qiqiha'er	1,042,321
102	Quanzhou	1,164,893
103	Rizhao	910,265
104	Rui'an	935,587
105	Shanghai	20,396,277
106	Shantou	3,676,168
107	Shaoguan	732,712
108	Shaoxing	1,740,934
109	Shenyang	5,768,679
110	Shenzhen	10,449,841
111	Shijiazhuang	3,122,524
112	Shiyan	730,391
113	Suining	554,653
114	Suqian	790,316
115	Suzhou	749,256
116	Suzhou	4,119,951
117	Tai'an	1,133,418
118	Taiyuan	3,182,044
119	Taizhou	1,199,799
120	Tangshan	2,146,987
121	Tengzhou	790,417
122	Tianjin	9,667,899
123	Tianshui	549,206
124	Urumqi	2,878,589
125	Wanzhou	867,289
126	Weifang	1,272,737
127	Weihai	2,829,531
128	Wenling	755,612
129	Wenzhou	2,710,518
130	Wuhan	7,608,074
131	Wuhu	1,117,882
132	Wuxi	2,782,044
133	Xiamen	3,146,634
134	Xi'an	5,901,642
135	Xiangtan	911,274
136	Xiangyang	1,445,751
137	Xianyang	691,955
138	Xiaogan	587,541
139	Xining	1,238,033
140	Xinxiang	926,205
141	Xuzhou	2,234,352
142	Yancheng	1,146,835
143	Yangjiang	698,613
144	Yangzhou	1,598,185
145	Yantai	1,813,771
146	Yibin	714,654
147	Yichang	1,058,664
148	Yinchuan	1,169,736
149	Yiwu	886,659
150	Yongchuan	587,945
151	Yueqing	732,409
152	Yueyang	932,258
153	Yuyao	678,840
154	Zaozhuang	989,559
155	Zhangjiagang	769,332
156	Zhangjiakou	1,191,123
157	Zhangzhou	620,126
158	Zhanjiang	1,047,970
159	Zhaoqing	791,526
160	Zhengzhou	3,709,459
161	Zhenjiang	958,891
162	Zhongshan	2,765,197
163	Zhuhai	1,381,590
164	Zhuji	612,056
165	Zhuzhou	1,103,355
166	Zibo	2,281,666
167	Zigong	672,081
168	Zunyi	1,004,086

Q - Does Prarang do surveys to collect data? How does Prarang have such granular Country-level details which no private or public data source offers?
A - Prarang does not conduct surveys to gather data; instead, we rely on publicly available sources such as UN Population data, the CIA World Factbook, and private surveys whose results are accessible through news media and public websites. Our data classification follows a three-fold method rooted in Indian logic (Tarkashastra): Pramana (evidence-based data collection) involves gathering data from credible sources; Anumana (estimation and inference) uses modeling to draw inferences from the collected data; and Upamana (comparison) ranks countries through relative comparison, calculating the Samana (country average) to determine whether each country ranks above or below this benchmark. All data sources and estimation modeling methods are transparently detailed and accessible, with information available for each data field by clicking the "i" icon.

Q - Does Prarang take responsibility for the absolute data fields that someone buys from it, along with the calculation of the associated ranks?

A - Prarang does not do any surveys. It does data modeling & estimations based on third-party census & surveys, already in the public domain. It also shares the source of the data it uses. Users need to make their own judgment of how and for what purpose and when they use the data that they download from this Prarang website.

Q - What is the frequency of data updates on various data fields of Prarang analytics?
A - We are continuously on the lookout for market announcements of new surveys & new data. You can expect important World survey results to be live on our website, within 30 to 45 days after appearing in press/media. We model on spreadsheets & update our SQL databases, after data validation.