Colombia AI Report
Date: November 29, 2025
Colombia is a mid-size country with 0.3% of the world's population. Colombia is a democratic, monarchy country. It has 9 world heritage sites.
Colombia is the 28th ranked country in population and 6th ranked in area out of 195 countries in the world. Please keep the country rank in perspective, for the highlights below.
Facebook users
Urban Population (2021)
Out of 195 countries in the world, Colombia is the 13th highest ranked in Unemployed Labour Force. . This implies adequacy of job availability in this country when compared to other countries.
Colombia is the 16th highest ranked in Facebook users out of all the 195 countries.This may take into context a higher country population, or may simply imply that this country has more social media popularity, or may have a higher youth demographic.
Colombia is the 20th highest ranked in Total No. of Doctors out of all the 195 countries.This implies better healthcare infrastructure investment by the country or higher level of health awareness among the people.
Colombia is the 21st highest ranked in Urban Population (2021) out of all the 195 countries.This implies that there is higher economic development or may imply that the formal economy of the country is more compared to other countries
Wheat prod.
Barley prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Out of 195 countries in the world, Colombia is the 99th worst ranked in Wheat prod. . This is indicative of less focus on the production of wheat, or scarcity of fertile land, or higher industrialisation as compared to other countries.
Out of 195 countries in the world, Colombia is the 108th worst ranked in Barley prod. . This is indicative of less focus on the production of barley, or scarcity of fertile land, or higher industrialisation as compared to other countries.
Colombia is the 139th worst ranked in Rural Pop. out of all the 195 countries.This may indicate that there is a high degree of industrialisation, or better urbanisation and development policies in place in comparison to other countries.
Out of 195 countries in the world, Colombia is the 154th worst ranked in Natural Gas Prod. . This indicates that natural resources are scarce in this country when compared to other countries, and it may be a huge importer of such resources.
Urbanization Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Pop. with access to Electricity (%) | % People | 86 | 1 | 1127 | ||
| 2 | # Cities>5M | # Cities | 0 | 9 | 1127 | ||
| 3 | # Cities>5M | # Cities | 0 | 11 | 1128 | ||
| 4 | # Cities>300000 | # Cities | 7 | 15 | 1126 | ||
| 5 | # Cities>1M | # Cities | 1 | 15 | 1130 | ||
| 6 | # Cities>1M | # Cities | 2 | 16 | 1127 | ||
| 7 | # Cities>500000 | # Cities | 4 | 16 | 1130 | ||
| 8 | # Cities>300000 | # Cities | 8 | 17 | 1128 | ||
| 9 | # Cities>500000 | # Cities | 5 | 17 | 1126 | ||
| 10 | # Cities>100000 | # Cities | 21 | 18 | 1130 | ||
| 11 | # Cities>100000 | # Cities | 23 | 20 | 1125 | ||
| 12 | Urban Population (2021) | # People | 23,726,053 | 21 | 1128 | ||
| 13 | Urban Population / Total Population % . | % People | 60 | 39 | 1127 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Rural Pop. /Total Pop. % | % People | 40 | 157 | 1233 | ||
| 2 | Rural Pop. | # People | 18,013,759 | 57 | 1231 | ||
Languages Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Spanish | # People | 2,344,008 | 2 | 1128 | ||
| 2 | Spanish as a % of total Spanish speakers | % People | 0 | 2 | 1126 | ||
| 3 | Quechua | # People | 43,743 | 7 | 1127 | ||
| 4 | Quechua as a % of total Quechua speakers | % People | 0 | 7 | 1130 | ||
Wealth Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Corporate Tax Rates in % | Rate | 23 | 3 | 1125 | ||
| 2 | FDI (millions USD) | Amount | 3,115 | 20 | 1125 | ||
| 3 | FDI / Total FDI of the World %. | 0 | 20 | 1129 | |||
| 4 | Import Ban(Number of products) | Count | 12 | 27 | 1127 | ||
| 5 | GDP Per Capita (USD) | $ | 6,447 | 90 | 1130 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Exports/Total GDP of the Country %. | 53 | 146 | 1233 | |||
| 2 | Imports /Total GDP of the Country %. | 46 | 140 | 1230 | |||
| 3 | GDP Per Capita at PPP (USD) | $ | 30,228 | 85 | 1235 | ||
| 4 | Exports /Total Exports of the World %. | 0 | 51 | 1231 | |||
| 5 | Export of Goods and Services (in Million $) | Amount | 186,399 | 51 | 1233 | ||
| 6 | Import of Goods and Services (in Million $) | Amount | 183,299 | 49 | 1232 | ||
| 7 | Imports/Total Imports of the World %. | 0 | 48 | 1230 | |||
| 8 | GDP (Billions USD) 2025 | $ Billions | 597 | 37 | 1230 | ||
| 9 | GDP as a % of Total GDP | Percent | 0 | 37 | 1233 | ||
| 10 | No. of Companies Listed in NYSE | Count | 65 | 24 | 1235 | ||
Culture Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Christian Population | # People | 11,885,917 | 11 | 1127 | ||
| 2 | Christian Pop./Total Christian Pop.% | % People | 0 | 11 | 1130 | ||
| 3 | Christian Pop./Total Pop.% | % People | 42 | 31 | 1130 | ||
| 4 | World Heritage Sites | Count | 7 | 36 | 1130 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Islamic Pop./Total Pop.% | % People | 22 | 163 | 1233 | ||
| 2 | Islamic Population | # People | 9,936,734 | 116 | 1231 | ||
| 3 | Bronze Medal | Count | 4 | 49 | 1234 | ||
| 4 | Jewish Pop./Total Jewish Pop. % | % People | 0 | 46 | 1233 | ||
| 5 | # Olympic Medals | Count | 157 | 50 | 1234 | ||
| 6 | Total Medals | Count | 12 | 45 | 1231 | ||
| 7 | Jewish Population | # People | 78,295 | 46 | 1232 | ||
| 8 | Silver Medal | Count | 3 | 22 | 1232 | ||
Nature Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Number of Trees | Count | 15,642,617,148 | 11 | 1127 | ||
| 2 | Forest Area. | Area | 21,142,892 | 13 | 1125 | ||
| 3 | Country forest area / Global Forest area % | 0 | 13 | 1125 | |||
| 4 | Number of Cows | Count | 8,697,624 | 13 | 1127 | ||
| 5 | Cows (% of Total Cows) | Percent | 0 | 13 | 1127 | ||
| 6 | Cow Beef Production (in tonnes) | Weight | 320,761 | 17 | 1126 | ||
| 7 | Chicken Meat Production (in tonnes) | Weight | 588,164 | 17 | 1126 | ||
| 8 | Orange Production (in tonnes) | Weight | 618,959 | 17 | 1125 | ||
| 9 | Cow Beef Production (% of Total Cow Beef Production) | Percent | 0 | 17 | 1129 | ||
| 10 | Chicken Meat Production (% of Total Chicken Meat Production) | Percent | 0 | 17 | 1128 | ||
| 11 | Orange Production (% of Total Orange Production) | Percent | 0 | 17 | 1125 | ||
| 12 | Tree density. | Density | 22,685 | 21 | 1126 | ||
| 13 | Cow Milk Production (in tonnes) | Weight | 3,855,383 | 24 | 1126 | ||
| 14 | Cow Milk Production (% of Total Cow Milk Production) | Percent | 0 | 24 | 1130 | ||
| 15 | Tree density . | Density | 828 | 35 | 1130 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Goat Meat Production (in tonnes) | Weight | 46,111 | 115 | 1231 | ||
| 2 | Wheat prod. | Tons | 6,698,590 | 97 | 1231 | ||
| 3 | Barley prod. | Tons | 1,576,534 | 88 | 1233 | ||
| 4 | Apple Production (% of Total Apple Production) | Percent | 1 | 73 | 1233 | ||
| 5 | Apple Production (in tonnes) | Weight | 1,044,287 | 73 | 1233 | ||
| 6 | Cotton Production (% of Total Cotton Production) | Percent | 1 | 42 | 1234 | ||
| 7 | Natural Gas Prod. | Million cubic meters | 216,389 | 40 | 1230 | ||
| 8 | Natural Gas Produced/Total Natural Gas Produced % | Mass | 5 | 40 | 1232 | ||
| 9 | Cotton Production (in 1000 480 lb. Bales) | Weight | 1,707 | 42 | 1233 | ||
| 10 | Honey prod. | Tons | 16,211 | 38 | 1232 | ||
| 11 | Honey Produced /Total Honey Produced % | Weight | 0 | 38 | 1233 | ||
| 12 | Soyabean Produced/Total Soyabean Produced % | Weight | 1 | 33 | 1235 | ||
| 13 | Soyabean prod. | Tons | 3,684,006 | 35 | 1233 | ||
| 14 | Iron Production (in 1000 metric tons) | Weight | 33,258 | 34 | 1231 | ||
| 15 | Iron Production (% of Total Iron Production) | Percent | 2 | 34 | 1235 | ||
| 16 | Onion prod. | Tons | 773,539 | 32 | 1235 | ||
| 17 | Onion Produced/Total Onion Produced % | Weight | 0 | 30 | 1231 | ||
| 18 | Rice prod. | Tons | 5,090,580 | 26 | 1231 | ||
| 19 | Potatoes prod. | Tons | 2,538,925 | 26 | 1232 | ||
| 20 | Rice Produced/Total Rice Produced.% | Weight | 0 | 26 | 1230 | ||
| 21 | Potatoes Produced /Total Potatoes Produced % | Weight | 0 | 25 | 1235 | ||
| 22 | Oil Prod. | Barrels/day | 4,369,531 | 20 | 1232 | ||
| 23 | Oil Prodcuced/Total Oil Produced % | 5 | 20 | 1234 | |||
| 24 | Gold Prod. | Weight | 125 | 14 | 1231 | ||
| 25 | Gold Produced/Total Gold Produced %. | 4 | 14 | 1235 | |||
| 26 | Coal Production (in 1000 metric tons) | Weight | 121,850 | 12 | 1233 | ||
| 27 | Coal Production (% of Total Coal Production) | Percent | 1 | 12 | 1230 | ||
| 28 | Sugarcane prod. | Tons | 52,039,862 | 8 | 1233 | ||
| 29 | Sugarcane Produced/Total Sugarcane Produced.% | Weight | 2 | 8 | 1232 | ||
Work Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Unemployed Labour Force. | # People | 1,511,199 | 13 | 1130 | ||
| 2 | Unemployment Rate. | % People | 7 | 20 | 1128 | ||
| 3 | Labour Force Participation | # People | 14,659,929 | 21 | 1126 | ||
| 4 | Employment in Services | # People | 10,251,634 | 24 | 1128 | ||
| 5 | Non-Agricultural Labour Force | # People | 15,067,127 | 24 | 1127 | ||
| 6 | Total Labour Force (2021) | # People | 20,409,734 | 26 | 1130 | ||
| 7 | Formal Jobs | # People | 10,605,934 | 29 | 1127 | ||
| 8 | Employment in Services /Total pop.%. | % People | 25 | 52 | 1126 | ||
| 9 | Total Labour Force/Total Pop. | % People | 43 | 64 | 1129 | ||
| 10 | Employment in Services / Total Labour Force %. | % People | 56 | 67 | 1125 | ||
| 11 | Employment in services/Total Labour force %. | % People | 56 | 67 | 1130 | ||
| 12 | Non-Agri Labour force/Total Labour force %. | % People | 76 | 81 | 1127 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Wage & Salaried Workers / Total Labour Force % | % People | 58 | 111 | 1233 | ||
| 2 | Employment in Agri. / Total Labour Force % . | % People | 23 | 97 | 1230 | ||
| 3 | Employment in Agriculture/Total Labour force %. | % People | 23 | 97 | 1235 | ||
| 4 | Employment in Agriculture /Total Pop. %. | % People | 9 | 87 | 1230 | ||
| 5 | Employment in Agriculture | # People | 5,314,003 | 39 | 1233 | ||
Internet Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Instagram Users | Absolute | 3,609,530 | 13 | 1128 | ||
| 2 | Instagram Users as a % of Total Instagram Users | % People | 0 | 13 | 1127 | ||
| 3 | LinkedIn users | # People | 6,652,451 | 14 | 1126 | ||
| 4 | LinkedIn Users as a % of Total LinkedIn Users | % People | 0 | 14 | 1128 | ||
| 5 | Facebook users | # People | 6,739,260 | 16 | 1127 | ||
| 6 | Instagram Users as a % of Total Internet Users | % People | 16 | 21 | 1125 | ||
| 7 | Twitter users | # People | 2,908,615 | 23 | 1128 | ||
| 8 | Twitter Users as a % of Total Twitter Users | % People | 0 | 23 | 1127 | ||
| 9 | Internet Users | # People | 28,115,900 | 26 | 1125 | ||
| 10 | FB Users / Total Int. Users %. | % People | 31 | 38 | 1130 | ||
| 11 | Facebook Users as a % of Total facebook Users | % People | 31 | 38 | 1128 | ||
| 12 | Instagram Users as a % of Total Population | % People | 13 | 47 | 1125 | ||
| 13 | LinkedIn Users as a % of Total Internet Users | % People | 36 | 50 | 1126 | ||
| 14 | LinkedIn Users as a % of Total Population | % People | 32 | 57 | 1130 | ||
| 15 | FB Users / Total Pop. %. | % People | 24 | 61 | 1126 | ||
| 16 | Int. Users / Total Pop.% | % People | 69 | 117 | 1130 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Facebook CPC in Rs. | Absolute | 5 | 155 | 1233 | ||
| 2 | Twitter Users as a % of Total Population | % People | 12 | 75 | 1230 | ||
| 3 | Twitter Users as a % of Total Internet Users | % People | 14 | 65 | 1233 | ||
Health Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Total No. of Doctors | # People | 78,648 | 20 | 1130 | ||
| 2 | Life Expectancy at Birth, both sexes | Age | 73 | 58 | 1126 | ||
| 3 | No. of people HIV infected/Total pop. | # People | 5,202 | 25 | 1127 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Dentist to doctor ratio | Ratio | 3 | 67 | 1231 | ||
| 2 | Dentist (per 10,000) | People per 10000 | 31 | 48 | 1231 | ||
| 3 | Total No. of Pharmacists | # People | 19,528 | 41 | 1230 | ||
Governance Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Total Military Force | # People | 358,465 | 22 | 1126 | ||
| 2 | Military Force/Total World Military Force %. | % People | 0 | 22 | 1125 | ||
| 3 | Police Officers | # People | 138,224 | 25 | 1130 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Military Force/Total Pop. % | % People | 1 | 58 | 1231 | ||
| 2 | Judges Per 100K | People Per 100K | 11 | 42 | 1231 | ||
| 3 | Military Budget (in Billion $) | $ Billion | 15 | 29 | 1232 | ||
| 4 | Military Budget/Total World Military Budget %. | Percent | 0 | 29 | 1234 | ||
Media Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | # Mobile phone numbers | Count | 40,393,496 | 25 | 1130 | ||
| 2 | # Phone Numbers /Total Pop. % | Percent | 101 | 43 | 1127 | ||
Education Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Total Literate Pop. | # People | 34,678,001 | 27 | 1129 | ||
| 2 | Literacy Rate (%) | % People | 86 | 98 | 1125 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Enrolment in Primary Edu./Total Pop %. | % People | 27 | 122 | 1235 | ||
| 2 | Enrolment in Primary Edu./ Total Literate Pop %. | % People | 36 | 119 | 1235 | ||
| 3 | # Students per teacher in Primary edu. | Ratio | 260 | 98 | 1234 | ||
| 4 | Teachers as a % of Enrolment | % People | 41 | 86 | 1235 | ||
| 5 | # Students per teacher in tertiary edu. | Ratio | 58 | 65 | 1232 | ||
| 6 | Enrolment in Secondary Edu./Total Literate Pop. | % People | 28 | 62 | 1231 | ||
| 7 | Enrolment in Secondary Edu./Total Pop %. | % People | 23 | 43 | 1233 | ||
| 8 | Teachers in secondary edu. | # People | 659,923 | 34 | 1234 | ||
| 9 | # Students per teacher in secondary edu. | Ratio | 57 | 34 | 1230 | ||
| 10 | # Total Students (Primary+Secondary+Tertiary) | # People | 38,831,325 | 28 | 1232 | ||
| 11 | # Total Teachers (Primary+Secondary+Tertiary) | # People | 2,858,694 | 25 | 1232 | ||
| 12 | Enrolment in tertiary edu.(all programmes) | # People | 4,618,191 | 20 | 1231 | ||
| 13 | Enrolment in Tertiary Edu./ Total Pop. %. | % People | 9 | 20 | 1233 | ||
| 14 | Enrolment in Tertiary Edu/Total Literate Pop. %. | % People | 9 | 16 | 1234 | ||
| 15 | Teachers in tertiary edu. | # People | 297,976 | 14 | 1230 | ||
Demographics Metrics
| Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Above World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Total Population (2025) | # People (In Thousands) | 42,003 | 28 | 1125 | ||
| 2 | Male Population (2025) | # People (In Thousands) | 21,226 | 28 | 1130 | ||
| 3 | Female Population (2025) | # People (In Thousands) | 20,993 | 28 | 1128 | ||
| 4 | Births | # People (In Thousands) | 681 | 42 | 1130 | ||
| 5 | Female % of Total Pop. | % People | 50 | 69 | 1130 | ||
| 6 | Population Growth Rate (%) | % People | 0 | 92 | 1127 | ||
|
Below World Average |
|||||||
| 1 | Male % of Total Pop. | % People | 50 | 127 | 1231 | ||
Language
- Official Language:
- 1. Spanish : 51,264,566
- 2. Quechua : 52,000
Mother Tongue : Spanish
Literacy Rate (%) : 95.60
Basic Details
| Country Capital | : | Canberra |
|---|---|---|
| GDP Per Capita | : | 8,054 |
| GDP Per Capita Rank | : | 90th/195 |
| Life Expectancy | : | 77 |
| Unemployment Rate | : | 9 |
| Number of Internet Users | : | 38,299,862 |
| Internet Users Rank | : | 26th/195 |
| Area | : | 7,682,599 |
| Area Rank | : | 6th/195 |
| Total Population | : | 53,426 |
| Total Population Rank | : | 28th/195 |
List of cities having more than 100K population in Colombia
| Sr. | City | Total City Population (2023) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Apartadó | 199,013 |
| 2 | Armenia | 323,058 |
| 3 | Barrancabermeja | 207,680 |
| 4 | Barranquilla | 1,325,599 |
| 5 | Bello | 503,329 |
| 6 | Bogotá | 8,645,214 |
| 7 | Bucaramanga | 572,339 |
| 8 | Buenaventura | 441,686 |
| 9 | Cali | 2,594,539 |
| 10 | Cartagena | 1,097,877 |
| 11 | Cartago | 144,087 |
| 12 | Caucasia | 124,478 |
| 13 | Chía | 140,512 |
| 14 | Ciénaga | 113,319 |
| 15 | Cúcuta | 711,118 |
| 16 | Dosquebradas | 217,539 |
| 17 | Duitama | 122,528 |
| 18 | Envigado | 246,573 |
| 19 | Facatativá | 145,712 |
| 20 | Florencia | 190,021 |
| 21 | Floridablanca | 288,174 |
| 22 | Fusagasugá | 148,637 |
| 23 | Girardot | 113,969 |
| 24 | Guadalajara de Buga | 124,586 |
| 25 | Ibagué | 605,382 |
| 26 | Ipiales | 153,729 |
| 27 | Itagüí | 293,482 |
| 28 | Jamundí | 132,278 |
| 29 | Lorica | 129,028 |
| 30 | Magangué | 134,120 |
| 31 | Maicao | 173,013 |
| 32 | Malambo | 133,578 |
| 33 | Manaure | 117,003 |
| 34 | Manizales | 430,636 |
| 35 | Medellín | 2,693,992 |
| 36 | Montería | 485,020 |
| 37 | Neiva | 372,676 |
| 38 | Palmira | 332,267 |
| 39 | Pasto | 482,529 |
| 40 | Pereira | 511,346 |
| 41 | Piedecuesta | 165,429 |
| 42 | Pitalito | 138,995 |
| 43 | Popayán | 303,449 |
| 44 | Quibdo | 125,561 |
| 45 | Riohacha | 291,099 |
| 46 | Rionegro | 132,387 |
| 47 | San Andrés de Tumaco | 293,482 |
| 48 | Santa Marta | 532,472 |
| 49 | Sincelejo | 302,257 |
| 50 | Soacha | 565,947 |
| 51 | Sogamoso | 122,203 |
| 52 | Soledad | 684,900 |
| 53 | Tierralta | 110,828 |
| 54 | Tuluá | 231,947 |
| 55 | Tunja | 207,897 |
| 56 | Turbo | 177,129 |
| 57 | Uribia | 195,438 |
| 58 | Valledupar | 501,812 |
| 59 | Villavicencio | 536,480 |
| 60 | Yopal | 154,921 |
| 61 | Yumbo | 129,895 |
| 62 | Zipaquirá | 134,770 |
Frequently Asked Questions :
Q - Does Prarang do surveys to collect data? How does Prarang have such granular
Country-level details which no private or public data source offers?
A - Prarang does not conduct surveys to gather data; instead, we rely on publicly available
sources such as UN Population data, the CIA World Factbook, and private surveys whose results
are accessible through news media and public websites. Our data classification follows a
three-fold method rooted in Indian logic (Tarkashastra): Pramana (evidence-based data
collection) involves gathering data from credible sources; Anumana (estimation and inference)
uses modeling to draw inferences from the collected data; and Upamana (comparison) ranks
countries through relative comparison, calculating the Samana (country average) to determine
whether each country ranks above or below this benchmark. All data sources and estimation
modeling methods are transparently detailed and accessible, with information available for each
data field by clicking the "i" icon.
Q - Does Prarang take responsibility for the absolute data fields that someone buys from it, along with the calculation of the associated ranks?
A - Prarang does not do any surveys. It does data modeling & estimations based on third-party census & surveys, already in the public domain. It also shares the source of the data it uses. Users need to make their own judgment of how and for what purpose and when they use the data that they download from this Prarang website.
Q - What is the frequency of data updates on various data fields of Prarang analytics?
A - We are continuously on the lookout for market announcements of new surveys & new data. You can expect important World survey results to be live on our website, within 30 to 45 days after appearing in press/media. We model on spreadsheets & update our SQL databases, after data validation.