Pakistan Analytics
LANGUAGES
- Official Language:
- 1. Gurumukhi
: 115,433,000
- 2. English
: 110,623,000
Mother Tongue : Gurumukhi
Literacy Rate (%) : 58
Country Capital | : | Islamabad |
---|---|---|
GDP Per capita | : | 1,589 |
GDP Per Capita Rank | : | 149th/195 |
Life Expectancy | : | 66 |
Unemployment Rate | : | 8 |
Number of Internet Users | : | 48,300,000 |
Internet Users Rank | : | 21st/195 |
Area | : | 99 |
Area Rank | : | 35th/195 |
Total Population | : | 231,402 |
Total Population Rank | : | 5th/195 |
Continent: Asia
Pakistan Highlights
Pakistan is the 5th ranked country in population and 35th ranked in area out of 195 countries in the world.Please keep the country rank in perspective, for the highlights below.
Better than World Average-
- 1. Pakistan is the 3rd highest ranked in Total No. of Pharmacists out of 195 countries in the world. This implies better healthcare infrastructure investment by the country or higher level of health awareness among the people.
- 2. The average Rural Pop. of 195 countries in the world is 18,013,759. Pakistan is the 3rd highest ranked country out of 195 countries. This implies that the economy of this country is majorly agriculture driven, or may imply that there is less industrialisation when compared to other countries.
- 3. Out of the 195 countries in the world, Pakistan is the 4th highest ranked in Teachers in secondary edu. . This implies better investment by the country in secondary education when compared to other countries.
Worse than World Average-
- 1. Pakistan is the 17th worst ranked in Literacy Rate (%) out of 195 countries in the world. This indicates that the educational infrastructure in this country is worse than it is in other countries.
- 2. The average GDP Per Capita (USD) of the countries in the world is 18,253. Pakistan is the 47th worst-ranked country out of 195 countries. This implies that this country is a developing country.
- 3. Out of the 195 countries in the world, Pakistan is the 85th worst ranked in Doctors (Per 10,000) . This may indicate worse healthcare infrastructure investment by the country or may indicate lower population.
Pakistan Metrics
Language Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Gurumukhi | # People | 804,148 | 1 | 1129 | ||
2 | Pashto | # People | 259,035 | 1 | 1128 | ||
3 | Pashto as a % of total Pashto speakers | % People | 0 | 1 | 1126 | ||
4 | Urdu as a % of total Urdu speakers | % People | 0 | 1 | 1128 | ||
5 | English | # People | 3,175,743 | 2 | 1129 | ||
6 | Gujarati | # People | 347,561 | 2 | 1127 | ||
7 | Urdu | # People | 472,866 | 2 | 1129 | ||
8 | English as a % of total English speakers | % People | 0 | 2 | 1129 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Uzbek | # People | 119,785 | 8 | 1235 | ||
2 | Gujarati as a % of total Gujarati speakers | % People | 0 | 7 | 1232 | ||
3 | Uzbek as a % of total Uzbek speakers | % People | 0 | 7 | 1231 |
Culture Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Cricket Playing Nations (ICC Members) | Count | 1 | 1 | 1130 | ||
2 | Islamic Population | # People | 9,744,062 | 2 | 1125 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Total Medals | Count | 12 | 68 | 1235 | ||
2 | # Olympic Medals | Count | 126 | 73 | 1235 | ||
3 | World Heritage Sites | Count | 7 | 58 | 1230 | ||
4 | Gold Medal | Count | 3 | 38 | 1231 | ||
5 | Hindu Population | # People | 6,158,261 | 4 | 1235 |
Urbanization Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | # Cities>10M | # Cities | 0 | 2 | 1125 | ||
2 | # Cities>5M | # Cities | 0 | 3 | 1125 | ||
3 | Rural Pop. | # People | 18,013,759 | 3 | 1130 | ||
4 | # Cities>5M | # Cities | 0 | 3 | 1127 | ||
5 | 10M+ Cities Ratio ( 10M+ Cities/ # Cities> 100000) | 0 | 5 | 1125 | |||
6 | # Cities>1M | # Cities | 2 | 9 | 1128 | ||
7 | Urban Population (2021) | # People | 22,563,215 | 10 | 1125 | ||
8 | # Cities>100000 | # Cities | 23 | 10 | 1128 | ||
9 | # Cities>1M | # Cities | 1 | 12 | 1128 | ||
10 | # Cities>300000 | # Cities | 8 | 13 | 1129 | ||
11 | # Cities>500000 | # Cities | 5 | 15 | 1129 | ||
12 | # Cities>500000 | # Cities | 4 | 19 | 1125 | ||
13 | # Cities>100000 | # Cities | 21 | 21 | 1127 | ||
14 | # Cities>300000 | # Cities | 7 | 21 | 1125 | ||
15 | Rural Pop. /Total Pop. % | % People | 41 | 44 | 1126 | ||
16 | Pop. with access to Electricity (%) | % People | 85 | 128 | 1129 | ||
17 | Pop. without Electricity access | # People | 3,489,572 | 17 | 1125 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Urban Population / Total Population % . | % People | 59 | 153 | 1235 | ||
2 | 1M+ Cities per 100000 ( 1M+ Cities/ Tot Pop.)* 100000 | 0 | 80 | 1232 | |||
3 | 1M+ Cities Ratio ( 1M+ Cities/ # Cities> 100000) | 0 | 59 | 1233 |
--- Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Islamic Pop./Total Islamic Pop.% | % People | 0 | 2 | 1125 | ||
2 | Islamic Pop./Total Pop.% | % People | 22 | 3 | 1130 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Hindu Pop./Total Pop.%. | % People | 2 | 19 | 1233 | ||
2 | Hindu Pop./Total Hindu Pop.% | % People | 0 | 4 | 1232 |
Governance Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Police Officers | # People | 138,224 | 3 | 1126 | ||
2 | Total Military Force | # People | 122,909 | 7 | 1125 | ||
3 | Military Force/Total World Military Force %. | % People | 0 | 7 | 1127 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Military Force/Total Pop. % | % People | 0 | 84 | 1231 | ||
2 | Military Budget (in Billion $) | $ Billion | 15 | 24 | 1235 | ||
3 | Military Budget/Total World Military Budget %. | Percent | 0 | 24 | 1234 |
Health Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Total No. of Pharmacists | # People | 14,339 | 3 | 1127 | ||
2 | Total No. of Doctors | # People | 73,975 | 9 | 1130 | ||
3 | Total Nursing | # People | 163,061 | 26 | 1128 | ||
Below than World Average- |
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1 | Dentist (per 10,000) | People per 10000 | 31 | 150 | 1234 | ||
2 | Life Expectancy at Birth, both sexes | Age | 71 | 141 | 1233 | ||
3 | Nurses(per 10000) | People per 10000 | 44 | 140 | 1232 | ||
4 | Nurses to doctor ratio | Ratio | 2 | 133 | 1235 | ||
5 | Doctors (Per 10,000) | People Per 10,000 | 20 | 111 | 1230 | ||
6 | Pharmacists (Per 10,000) | People Per 10,000 | 4 | 108 | 1232 | ||
7 | HIV Infections (Per 1000) | People Per 1,000 | 0 | 97 | 1230 | ||
8 | #Dentists | # People | 13,328 | 94 | 1235 |
Demography Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Births | # People (In Thousands) | 688 | 4 | 1126 | ||
2 | Total Population (2021) | # People (In Thousands) | 40,345 | 5 | 1130 | ||
3 | Male Population | # People (In Thousands) | 20,393 | 5 | 1127 | ||
4 | Female Population | # People (In Thousands) | 20,160 | 5 | 1129 | ||
5 | Male % of Total Pop. | % People | 50 | 42 | 1130 | ||
6 | Population Growth Rate (%) | % People | 1 | 52 | 1125 | ||
7 | Total Deaths | # People (In Thousands) | 355 | 8 | 1129 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Female % of Total Pop. | % People | 49 | 153 | 1233 | ||
2 | Gender Ratio | Ratio of female per male, Country total female/ Country total male | 0 | 153 | 1230 | ||
3 | Density ( Pop/Land Area Ratio) | Density | 342 | 30 | 1235 |
Education Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Teachers in secondary edu. | # People | 659,923 | 4 | 1128 | ||
2 | Enrolment in primary edu. | # People | 9,629,078 | 5 | 1130 | ||
3 | Total Literate Pop. | # People | 34,125,548 | 7 | 1129 | ||
4 | # Total Students (Primary+Secondary+Tertiary) | # People | 38,831,325 | 7 | 1128 | ||
5 | Enrolment in secondary edu. | # People | 9,727,510 | 8 | 1125 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Literacy Rate (%) | % People | 86 | 179 | 1230 | ||
2 | Enrolment in Secondary Edu./Total Pop %. | % People | 23 | 150 | 1232 | ||
3 | Enrolment in Tertiary Edu./ Total Pop. %. | % People | 9 | 133 | 1231 | ||
4 | Enrolment in Tertiary Edu/Total Literate Pop. %. | % People | 9 | 120 | 1234 | ||
5 | Enrolment in Primary Edu./Total Pop %. | % People | 27 | 91 | 1234 | ||
6 | Teachers as a % of Enrolment | % People | 41 | 81 | 1233 | ||
7 | Enrolment in Secondary Edu./Total Literate Pop. | % People | 28 | 49 | 1234 | ||
8 | Enrolment in Primary Edu./ Total Literate Pop %. | % People | 36 | 44 | 1235 | ||
9 | Teachers in tertiary edu. | # People | 297,976 | 33 | 1233 | ||
10 | Enrolment in tertiary edu.(all programmes) | # People | 4,618,191 | 25 | 1234 | ||
11 | # Students per teacher in tertiary edu. | Ratio | 58 | 8 | 1232 | ||
12 | # Total Teachers (Primary+Secondary+Tertiary) | # People | 2,895,876 | 7 | 1234 |
Work Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Employment in Agriculture | # People | 5,233,463 | 5 | 1125 | ||
2 | Total Labour Force (2021) | # People | 19,636,200 | 6 | 1127 | ||
3 | Labour Force Participation | # People | 11,624,528 | 7 | 1129 | ||
4 | Unemployed Labour Force. | # People | 1,648,234 | 7 | 1127 | ||
5 | Teachers in primary edu. | # People | 357,113 | 9 | 1129 | ||
6 | Non-Agricultural Labour Force | # People | 14,402,736 | 9 | 1127 | ||
7 | Formal Jobs | # People | 10,227,722 | 10 | 1130 | ||
8 | Employment in Services | # People | 9,747,273 | 12 | 1125 | ||
9 | Employment in Agri. / Total Labour Force % . | % People | 24 | 48 | 1125 | ||
10 | Employment in Agriculture/Total Labour force %. | % People | 24 | 48 | 1126 | ||
11 | Employment in Agriculture /Total Pop. %. | % People | 9 | 58 | 1128 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Employment in Services /Total pop.%. | % People | 24 | 152 | 1230 | ||
2 | Total Labour Force/Total Pop. | % People | 43 | 148 | 1233 | ||
3 | Employment in Services / Total Labour Force %. | % People | 55 | 147 | 1230 | ||
4 | Employment in services/Total Labour force %. | % People | 55 | 147 | 1234 | ||
5 | Non-Agri Labour force/Total Labour force %. | % People | 75 | 131 | 1230 | ||
6 | Wage & Salaried Workers / Total Labour Force % | % People | 58 | 125 | 1230 | ||
7 | Unemployment Rate. | % People | 13 | 62 | 1235 |
Nature Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Wheat prod. | Weight | 6,681,335 | 8 | 1127 | ||
2 | Wheat Produced /Total Wheat Produced. %. | Weight | 0 | 8 | 1126 | ||
3 | Potatoes prod. | Weight | 2,516,782 | 9 | 1126 | ||
4 | Potatoes Produced /Total Potatoes Produced % | Weight | 0 | 9 | 1129 | ||
5 | Rice prod. | Weight | 6,871,329 | 10 | 1129 | ||
6 | Rice Produced/Total Rice Produced.% | Weight | 0 | 10 | 1126 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Tree density . | Density | 828 | 170 | 1235 | ||
2 | Tree density. | Density | 22,685 | 166 | 1230 | ||
3 | Number of Trees | Count | 15,642,617,148 | 110 | 1231 | ||
4 | Onion Produced/Total Onion Produced % | Weight | 0 | 99 | 1233 | ||
5 | Onion prod. | Weight | 759,968 | 99 | 1233 | ||
6 | Soyabean prod. | Weight | 3,628,152 | 95 | 1233 | ||
7 | Country forest area / Global Forest area % | 0 | 79 | 1233 | |||
8 | Forest Area. | Area | 21,142,892 | 79 | 1234 | ||
9 | Barley Produced/Total Barley Produced.% | Weight | 1 | 70 | 1235 | ||
10 | Barley prod. | Weight | 1,558,004 | 70 | 1234 | ||
11 | Sweet Potatoes prod. | Weight | 833,178 | 64 | 1231 | ||
12 | Sweet Potatoes Produced/Total Sweet Potatoes Produced % | Weight | 0 | 61 | 1230 | ||
13 | Honey Produced /Total Honey Produced % | Weight | 0 | 42 | 1230 | ||
14 | Oil Prodcuced/Total Oil Produced % | 5 | 45 | 1233 | |||
15 | Oil Prod. | 4,369,531 | 45 | 1235 | |||
16 | Honey prod. | Weight | 14,821 | 44 | 1232 | ||
17 | Flourite Produced/Total Flourite Produced % | Weight | 4 | 22 | 1232 | ||
18 | Flourite prod. | Weight | 231,501 | 22 | 1235 | ||
19 | Natural Gas Prod. | Mass | 216,389 | 21 | 1232 | ||
20 | Natural Gas Produced/Total Natural Gas Produced % | Mass | 5 | 21 | 1235 | ||
21 | Uranium prod. | Weight | 2,543 | 13 | 1233 | ||
22 | Uranium Produced/Total Uranium Produced % | Weight | 5 | 13 | 1230 |
Media Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | # Mobile phone numbers | Count | 40,393,496 | 10 | 1129 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | # Phone Numbers /Total Pop. % | Percent | 101 | 161 | 1233 | ||
2 | Theaters per 100000 | Ratio | 1 | 56 | 1230 | ||
3 | # Theaters | Count | 310 | 29 | 1230 | ||
4 | Theaters/Total Theaters %. | Percent | 0 | 29 | 1230 |
Internet Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Facebook users | # People | 17,943,893 | 11 | 1130 | ||
2 | LinkedIn users | # People | 5,792,754 | 17 | 1128 | ||
3 | LinkedIn Users as a % of Total LinkedIn Users | # People | 0 | 17 | 1126 | ||
4 | Internet Users | # People | 25,030,008 | 21 | 1127 | ||
5 | FB Users / Total Int. Users %. | % People | 76 | 32 | 1126 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Int. Users / Total Pop.% | % People | 66 | 180 | 1235 | ||
2 | FB Users / Total Pop. %. | % People | 60 | 149 | 1235 | ||
3 | Twitter Users as a % of Total Population | # People | 14 | 147 | 1231 | ||
4 | LinkedIn Users as a % of Total Population | # People | 29 | 135 | 1231 | ||
5 | Twitter Users as a % of Total Internet Users | # People | 16 | 129 | 1233 | ||
6 | LinkedIn Users as a % of Total Internet Users | # People | 34 | 80 | 1235 | ||
7 | Twitter users | # People | 3,240,046 | 35 | 1235 | ||
8 | Twitter Users as a % of Total Twitter Users | # People | 0 | 35 | 1233 |
Wealth Metrics
Sr. | Title | Metric | World Average | Rank out of 195 | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | Import Ban(Number of products) | Count | 12 | 23 | 1128 | ||
Below than World Average- |
|||||||
1 | GDP Per Capita (USD) | $ | 18,253 | 149 | 1231 | ||
2 | Exports/Total GDP of the Country %. | 45 | 148 | 1235 | |||
3 | Imports /Total GDP of the Country %. | 52 | 137 | 1230 | |||
4 | FDI / Total FDI of the World %. | 0 | 76 | 1234 | |||
5 | FDI (millions USD) | Amount | 7,895 | 76 | 1235 | ||
6 | Export of Goods and Services (in Million $) | Amount | 184,833 | 64 | 1232 | ||
7 | Exports /Total Exports of the World %. | 0 | 63 | 1231 | |||
8 | Imports/Total Imports of the World %. | 0 | 49 | 1233 | |||
9 | Import of Goods and Services (in Million $) | Amount | 182,282 | 49 | 1231 | ||
10 | GDP (Billions USD) 2022 | $ Billions | 531 | 40 | 1232 | ||
11 | GDP as a % of Total GDP | Percent | 0 | 40 | 1230 |
Pakistan Language Details
Sr. | Language | % of people speaking the language in country. |
---|---|---|
1 | Gurumukhi | 49.88 % |
2 | English | 47.81 % |
3 | Pashto | 13.61 % |
4 | Urdu | 7.9 % |
5 | Gujarati | 1.25 % |
6 | Uzbek | 0.02 % |
List of cities having more than 100K population in Pakistan
Sr. | City | Total City Population (2023) |
---|---|---|
1 | Abbottabad | 232,196 |
2 | Ahmadpur East | 148,918 |
3 | Arifwala | 125,364 |
4 | Attock | 163,877 |
5 | Badin | 125,475 |
6 | Bahawalnagar | 179,617 |
7 | Bahawalpur | 851,534 |
8 | Bhakkar | 125,922 |
9 | Bhalwal | 148,360 |
10 | Burewala | 258,988 |
11 | Chakwal | 154,276 |
12 | Chaman | 137,531 |
13 | Charsadda | 127,931 |
14 | Chiniot | 310,897 |
15 | Chishtian | 166,556 |
16 | Dadu | 191,227 |
17 | Daska | 195,804 |
18 | Dera Ghazi Khan | 443,628 |
19 | Dera Ismail Khan | 243,359 |
20 | Faisalabad | 3,583,633 |
21 | Firozwala | 157,625 |
22 | Ghotki | 124,359 |
23 | Gojra | 195,134 |
24 | Gujranwala | 2,264,357 |
25 | Gujranwala Cantonment | 152,825 |
26 | Gujrat | 436,261 |
27 | Hafizabad | 274,393 |
28 | Harunabad | 120,228 |
29 | Hasilpur | 129,047 |
30 | Hub | 198,483 |
31 | Hyderabad | 1,935,264 |
32 | Islamabad | 1,126,374 |
33 | Jacobabad | 213,330 |
34 | Jaranwala | 168,230 |
35 | Jatoi | 122,238 |
36 | Jhang | 462,494 |
37 | Jhelum | 212,660 |
38 | Kabal | 131,727 |
39 | Kamalia | 151,486 |
40 | Kambar Ali Khan | 112,749 |
41 | Kamoki | 277,742 |
42 | Kandhkot | 112,637 |
43 | Karachi | 16,615,856 |
44 | Kasur | 399,980 |
45 | Khairpur | 204,399 |
46 | Khanewal | 278,970 |
47 | Khanpur | 205,851 |
48 | Khushab | 133,289 |
49 | Khuzdar | 203,618 |
50 | Kohat | 255,192 |
51 | Kot Abdul Malik | 159,746 |
52 | Kot Addu | 145,011 |
53 | Kotri | 112,861 |
54 | Lahore | 12,413,555 |
55 | Larkana | 544,768 |
56 | Layyah | 140,769 |
57 | Lodhran | 131,503 |
58 | Mandi Bahauddin | 221,703 |
59 | Mansehra | 142,443 |
60 | Mardan | 400,761 |
61 | Mianwali | 132,731 |
62 | Mingawara | 369,951 |
63 | Mirpur Khas | 261,332 |
64 | Multan | 2,090,434 |
65 | Muridke | 186,538 |
66 | Murree | 175,263 |
67 | Muzaffargarh | 234,317 |
68 | Narowal | 115,093 |
69 | Nawabshah | 311,790 |
70 | Nowshera | 134,294 |
71 | Okara | 399,757 |
72 | Pakpattan | 197,255 |
73 | Peshawar | 2,198,941 |
74 | Quetta | 1,115,657 |
75 | Rahimyar Khan | 469,974 |
76 | Rawalpindi | 2,341,831 |
77 | Sadiqabad | 266,021 |
78 | Sahiwal | 434,028 |
79 | Sambrial | 122,126 |
80 | Samundri | 175,152 |
81 | Sargodha | 734,766 |
82 | Shahdadkot | 132,731 |
83 | Sheikhupura | 528,358 |
84 | Shikarpur | 219,023 |
85 | Sialkot | 733,092 |
86 | Sukkur | 558,610 |
87 | Swabi | 137,755 |
88 | Tando Adam | 169,682 |
89 | Tando Allahyar | 181,738 |
90 | Tando Muhammad Khan | 113,754 |
91 | Taxila | 136,192 |
92 | Turbat | 238,671 |
93 | Umerkot | 149,811 |
94 | Vehari | 162,537 |
95 | Wah Cantonment | 423,646 |
96 | Wazirabad | 143,001 |
Frequently Asked Questions :
Q - Does Prarang do surveys to collect data? How does Prarang have such granular Country-level details which no private or public data source offers?
A - Prarang does not conduct surveys to gather data; instead, we rely on publicly available sources such as UN Population data, the CIA World Factbook, and private surveys whose results are accessible through news media and public websites. Our data classification follows a three-fold method rooted in Indian logic (Tarkashastra): Pramana (evidence-based data collection) involves gathering data from credible sources; Anumana (estimation and inference) uses modeling to draw inferences from the collected data; and Upamana (comparison) ranks countries through relative comparison, calculating the Samana (country average) to determine whether each country ranks above or below this benchmark. All data sources and estimation modeling methods are transparently detailed and accessible, with information available for each data field by clicking the "i" icon.
Q - Does Prarang take responsibility for the absolute data fields that someone buys from it, along with the calculation of the associated ranks?
A - Prarang does not do any surveys. It does data modeling & estimations based on third-party census & surveys, already in the public domain. It also shares the source of the data it uses. Users need to make their own judgment of how and for what purpose and when they use the data that they download from this Prarang website.
Q - What is the frequency of data updates on various data fields of Prarang analytics?
A - We are continuously on the lookout for market announcements of new surveys & new data. You can expect important World survey results to be live on our website, within 30 to 45 days after appearing in press/media. We model on spreadsheets & update our SQL databases, after data validation.